Jun 12, 2010

MBA Finance Topics-FINANCIAL RATIOS

Financial ratios are useful indicators of a firm's performance and financial situation. Most ratios can be calculated from information provided by the financial statements. Financial ratios can be used to analyze trends and to compare the firm's financials to those of other firms. In some cases, ratio analysis can predict future bankruptcy.
Financial ratios can be classified according to the information they provide. The following types of ratios frequently are used:

* Liquidity ratios
* Asset turnover ratios
* Financial leverage ratios
* Profitability ratios
* Dividend policy ratios

Liquidity Ratios

Liquidity ratios provide information about a firm's ability to meet its short-term financial obligations. They are of particular interest to those extending short-term credit to the firm. Two frequently-used liquidity ratios are the current ratio (or working capital ratio) and the quick ratio.

The current ratio is the ratio of current assets to current liabilities:




=
Current Assets
Current Liabilities
Short-term creditors prefer a high current ratio since it reduces their risk. Shareholders may prefer a lower current ratio so that more of the firm's assets are working to grow the business. Typical values for the current ratio vary by firm and industry. For example, firms in cyclical industries may maintain a higher current ratio in order to remain solvent during downturns.
One drawback of the current ratio is that inventory may include many items that are difficult to liquidate quickly and that have uncertain liquidation values. The quick ratio is an alternative measure of liquidity that does not include inventory in the current assets. The quick ratio is defined as follows:
Quick Ratio =
Current Assets - Inventory
Current Liabilities
The current assets used in the quick ratio are cash, accounts receivable, and notes receivable. These assets essentially are current assets less inventory. The quick ratio often is referred to as the acid test.
Finally, the cash ratio is the most conservative liquidity ratio. It excludes all current assets except the most liquid: cash and cash equivalents. The cash ratio is defined as follows:
Cash Ratio =
Cash + Marketable Securities
Current Liabilities
The cash ratio is an indication of the firm's ability to pay off its current liabilities if for some reason immediate payment were demanded.

Asset Turnover Ratios

Asset turnover ratios indicate of how efficiently the firm utilizes its assets. They sometimes are referred to as efficiency ratios, asset utilization ratios, or asset management ratios. Two commonly used asset turnover ratios are receivables turnover and inventory turnover.
Receivables turnover is an indication of how quickly the firm collects its accounts receivables and is defined as follows:
Receivables Turnover =
Annual Credit Sales
Accounts Receivable
The receivables turnover often is reported in terms of the number of days that credit sales remain in accounts receivable before they are collected. This number is known as the collection period. It is the accounts receivable balance divided by the average daily credit sales, calculated as follows:
Average Collection Period =
Accounts Receivable
Annual Credit Sales / 365
The collection period also can be written as:
Average Collection Period =
365
Receivables Turnover
Another major asset turnover ratio is inventory turnover. It is the cost of goods sold in a time period divided by the average inventory level during that period:
Inventory Turnover =
Cost of Goods Sold
Average Inventory
The inventory turnover often is reported as the inventory period, which is the number of days worth of inventory on hand, calculated by dividing the inventory by the average daily cost of goods sold:
Inventory Period =
Average Inventory
Annual Cost of Goods Sold / 365
The inventory period also can be written as:
Inventory Period =
365
Inventory Turnover
Other asset turnover ratios include fixed asset turnover and total asset turnover.

Financial Leverage Ratios

Financial leverage ratios provide an indication of the long-term solvency of the firm. Unlike liquidity ratios that are concerned with short-term assets and liabilities, financial leverage ratios measure the extent to which the firm is using long term debt.
The debt ratio is defined as total debt divided by total assets:
Debt Ratio =
Total Debt
Total Assets
The debt-to-equity ratio is total debt divided by total equity:
Debt-to-Equity Ratio =
Total Debt
Total Equity
Debt ratios depend on the classification of long-term leases and on the classification of some items as long-term debt or equity.
The times interest earned ratio indicates how well the firm's earnings can cover the interest payments on its debt. This ratio also is known as the interest coverage and is calculated as follows:
Interest Coverage =
EBIT
Interest Charges
where EBIT = Earnings Before Interest and Taxes

Profitability Ratios

Profitability ratios offer several different measures of the success of the firm at generating profits.
The gross profit margin is a measure of the gross profit earned on sales. The gross profit margin considers the firm's cost of goods sold, but does not include other costs. It is defined as follows:
Gross Profit Margin =
Sales - Cost of Goods Sold
Sales
Return on assets is a measure of how effectively the firm's assets are being used to generate profits. It is defined as:
Return on Assets =
Net Income
Total Assets
Return on equity is the bottom line measure for the shareholders, measuring the profits earned for each dollar invested in the firm's stock. Return on equity is defined as follows:
Return on Equity =
Net Income
Shareholder Equity

Dividend Policy Ratios

Dividend policy ratios provide insight into the dividend policy of the firm and the prospects for future growth. Two commonly used ratios are the dividend yield and payout ratio.
The dividend yield is defined as follows:
Dividend Yield =
Dividends Per Share
Share Price
A high dividend yield does not necessarily translate into a high future rate of return. It is important to consider the prospects for continuing and increasing the dividend in the future. The dividend payout ratio is helpful in this regard, and is defined as follows:
Payout Ratio =
Dividends Per Share
Earnings Per Share

Use and Limitations of Financial Ratios

Attention should be given to the following issues when using financial ratios:
  • A reference point is needed. To to be meaningful, most ratios must be compared to historical values of the same firm, the firm's forecasts, or ratios of similar firms.
  • Most ratios by themselves are not highly meaningful. They should be viewed as indicators, with several of them combined to paint a picture of the firm's situation.
  • Year-end values may not be representative. Certain account balances that are used to calculate ratios may increase or decrease at the end of the accounting period because of seasonal factors. Such changes may distort the value of the ratio. Average values should be used when they are available.
  • Ratios are subject to the limitations of accounting methods. Different accounting choices may result in significantly different ratio values.

    Source: www.netmba.com

No comments:

Post a Comment

Tags

accredited distance education Ambush Marketing Benchmarking Benefits of MBA Books Branding Business Communication Business Negotiation Career Guide Case Studies CMAT Consumer Adoption Process Corporate Social Responsibility CRM CV Writing Debentures Depreciation Distance Learning Economics topics EMBA Employee Retention Entrepreneurship Finance your MBA Financial Analysis Financial Management Financial Planning Financial statement Formal Report Fund Flow Statement Gmat GRI Group Discussion Hotel Management HR notes International Marketing Leadership Letter of Intent london business school Management Notes Manager of Sales Managerial Decisions Marketing Concepts Marketing Management Marketing Mix Marketing Tips MBA Assignment MBA Careers mba courses MBA Definitions mba degree MBA Dissertation Topics MBA Economics Project MBA Finance Topics MBA Glossary MBA Guide MBA in Australia mba in canada MBA in International Business MBA in IT mba in malaysia MBA in public relations MBA in UK mba in usa MBA Interview MBA Jobs MBA Jobs In Australia MBA Loan MBA Notes MBA Outsourcing MBA Presentations MBA Prjoject Reports MBA Programs MBA Ranking MBA Salary MBA Scholarships MBA Sponsorships MBA Student MBA without GMAT MBO Media Planning Process Mini MBA Motivation Online Accredited MBA online mba Online MBA and Correspondence MBA Opportunity Cost Overseas Education Consultants Part Time MBA PEST analysis PLC Popular Business Schools Porter's 5 Forces Profit Maximization and Wealth Maximization Project Management Project Report Projects Tips Resume Writing Scientific Management Segmentation Strategic management Study Abroad Study in Germany Supply Chain Management SWOT Team Management Skills Theories top mba TQM Trade Discounts Training & Development Trend Analysis Types Of MBA Views of Management viral marketing Women In MBA